traditional car

If you want to travel with a gang with friends or with family, more comfortable when using the car. This four-wheeled vehicle is able to accommodate enough people. Later, the development of faster cars. Not only as a means of transportation, even now the car has become a way of life. But you know, the car was adapted from the presence of horse-drawn carriage?

Form of horse-drawn carriage that is equipped with tires the inspiration for Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot French to create a moving vehicle with a steam engine. This occurs in the range of time from 1769. At that time, Cugnot made steam engine-powered vehicle that moves with three tires. The first time, the discovery of a strange Cugnot considered by society in the region. Then the discovery Cognot British citizens continued by Richard Trevithick in 1801. Steam engine develops more rapidly as developed by the Lunar Society, Brimingham, England.

The first cars using gasoline fuel was made in 1886 by Carl Benz in Mannheim. Then at about the same time Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach from Sttugart also makes cars with gasoline. In the United States, the first automobile patent granted to Oliver Evans in 1789.

In 1902, production of cars made by Oldsmobil. The development of automotive technology is growing very rapidly in the mid 1920s caused by many small car manufacturers competing to gain the attention of the world. In the 1930s the number of car manufacturers drastically reduced. Then in the 1960s when the price of electronic goods cheap enough for mass production, cars and various innovations developed again.

Now the four-wheeled vehicle that can accommodate several people in it not only gives it felt comfortable when traveling, but it has become a way of life for its owner. Cars can be modified according to existing trends and tastes of the owner.
source:http://www.andriewongso.com/awartikel-1918-Tahukah_Anda-Mobil

ITS Launches Electric Cars

JAKARTA - MI: Ten November Institute of Technology (ITS) Surabaya launches eco-friendly electric cars, aims to reduce air pollution.

Head of Energy Conversion Laboratory ITS Electrical Engineering, Prof. Dr. Soebagio in Surabaya, Monday (9 / 11), suggests, the current oil reserves declining, while demand for four-wheeled vehicles is increasing.

Environmentally friendly electric cars is intended to anticipate the petroleum reserves dwindling, he said, explaining.

Electric car called Electro ELITS or ITS, is a eksperiman conducted by a team of Energy Conversion Laboratory of Electrical Engineering ITS, since two years ago.

Mini vehicle battery has 40 wet batteries, 500 volt power. If run without stopping the vehicle has a four-hour endurance hinga speed 20 km / hour.

Soebagyo said, every year his company would implement the development phase in order to achieve the perfection of the car. Next year we will continue to make progress, the battery will be reduced to ten batteries in a car, he said.

The plan, the battery will be reduced to four batteries and the added velocity to reach 40 km / hour. In the process of working, moving electric car using batteries which then changed to an inverter into AC, so that could play an AC motor that will move the wheels of the car.

Electric cars can be used or modified for all types of cars, ranging from ancient to the same class of BMW. In addition, these environmentally friendly cars can be used in every field, whether flat, steep, and bumpy. (At/OL-02)

Source: Media Indonesia Online
http://www.mediaindonesia.com/read/2009/11/09/104804

Without Car Pollution No More a Dream

Written by Editor chem-is-try.org on 01-01-2003

WITH so, cars without pollution is no longer the only car in the research stage or trial, but soon will be sold in bulk. And, for a while, the use of fuel cell that specialized in Mercedes Benz A-Class, which will be named F-Cell. And, the fuel used is hydrogen.

DaimlerChrysler's decision is considered as one step toward the future, given the F-Cell is a completely pollution-free cars. In addition to the free car exhaust emissions (emissions), in any circumstances run the car did not make a sound (noise).

Simply to say, a Mercedes Benz A-Class F-Cell is combining hydrogen carried in the fuel tank with oxygen from the air in the fuel cell to generate electricity. And, the electricity produced is used to drive electric motors.

Mercedes Benz A-Class F-Cell a cruising range of 145 miles one-time charge of hydrogen. Electric motor power (magnitude) 87 PK (paardekracht, horsepower), and the maximum speed that could achieve 140 kilometers per hour. Acceleration from 0 to 100 kilometers per hour is achieved within 16 seconds.

Some other fuel cell cars, which are still in the testing stage, also equip the car with a functioning dynamo amperes or charge the battery while the car is driven by electricity generated from hydrogen. As the hydrogen supply runs out, the electricity in the battery or batteries that will drive the electric machine. Thus, a car cruising can reach more than 300 kilometers. Approximately equivalent to a car that uses gasoline or diesel.

Fuel cells consist of two plate electrodes that flanked the electrolyte. Oxygen is passed on one side of the electrode, while hydrogen is passed to the other side of the electrode to produce electricity, water, and heat.

How it works, hydrogen is channeled through the anode catalyst. Oxygen (from air) enters the cathode catalyst. Encouraged by a catalyst, hydrogen atoms split into protons and electrons which takes a separate path in the cathode. Protons pass through the electrolyte. The electrons create a separate stream, which can be used before the electrons back to the cathode to join the hydrogen and oxygen, and form water molecules.

Fuel cell system includes a fuel reformer can utilize the hydrogen from all types of hydrocarbons, such as natural gas, methanol, or even a gas / petrol. Given the fuel cell work in chemistry and not combustion like conventional engines, the emissions are also very low when compared with conventional engines the cleanest ones.

The use of fuel cells as producers of electricity have been developed for a long time. Currently more than 200 fuel cell system installed in various parts of the world, including in hospitals, nursing homes, hotels, offices, schools, airports, and electricity providers. However, it is of use in a car that was still a new thing.

Accommodate hydrogen for use in cars is not easy. Currently, hydrogen is carried in pressurized cylinders, which can withstand the pressure to 10,000 pounds per square inch (psi) or 700 atmospheres. Carry a tube with a pressure of it, just like carrying a bomb, of course, needed special security. If the canister to explode, you can imagine what happened.

DaimlerChrysler seems to successfully overcome the problems brought by the hydrogen storage canister. If not, of course DaimlerChrysler will not be mass produced. (JL)

Choosing Guide Notebook

Notebook or a laptop cooler is an excellent product that many people began to rage in the last 2 years. Notebook is now not only used by the fathers or mothers to work, but also students and even the children to play or do chores. What factors should be considered when we will choose the notebook? Then, after we have them, these tips are needed for our notebooks 'long life'?
Click to view another photos ...
Notebook was found by John Osborne in 1980, weighed 13 kg with 5-inch screen size. Now, have produced a lot of notebooks weighing less than 2 kg and the screen size varies between 11-17 inches. In addition to incorporating various technologies, the notebook appears more complete with attractive features. We could watch TV (with connecting to the TV antenna), listening to music, watching VCDs / DVDs, access the Internet (by utilizing Wi-Fi feature), some are even equipped with a camera feature.

The factors that need to be taken into consideration when going to choose notebook:

1. Weights and casing
The ideal weight limits are 1.6 to 2.2 kg, and related to the size of the screen. Notebook with a weight below 2.2 kg has a 12-13 inch screen size with a resolution 1280x800pixel, and it was the same as notebook size 14-15 inches. Casing material most often used is a plastic polymer (such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) as a mild, but not a good conductor of heat. Notebook upper middle class using the case of alloy materials such as magnesium alloy. This material is stronger and distribute heat to all areas with a better chassis.

2. Processor
If mapped, this time there are 5 major groups that are used notebook processor. The three largest groups is an Intel dual-core version, the generation Yonah (Core Duo official name T2xxx), Merom (Core 2 Duo T5xxx and T7xxx), and Santa Rosa (Core 2 Duo with x T7xxx even number). Two more groups are processot notebook that uses low-end, the AMD Sempron and Intel Celeron. Excellence Core 2 Duo processor has the performance and power usage management better, so more quickly and cost-effective electricity. While AMD Sempron processor and Celeron are cheaper but also not a bad performance, was able to run standard applications such as Office or browsing.

3. Memory Capacity
If not a lot of data to be stored in notebooks, memory capacity is 512 MB. But if we are interested in using Windows Vista, we recommend using 1 GB of memory capacity.

4. Supporting Facilities
Facilities most often used in notebooks are WiFi, Bluetooth, card reader, and DVD writer. Other facilities are also to be variable is the price of the operating system, Windows Vista Ultimate for $ 393, Windows Vista Home Basic and Home Premium for $ 150-300, the Windows XP Home Edition for Rp. 700 thousand. Or can also glance at the latest versions of Linux with Ubuntu.

Notebook so that we are always in good shape and live longer, the following tips on caring for the notebook:

Notebook 1.Selalu enter into a special bag for notebooks will be used when traveling.
Notebook 2.Bersihkan body surface regularly with non-alkaline detergent mixed with water. For the screen, use a glass cleaning fluid and do not press the screen too hard. As for the keyboard, use a brush to sweep the sidelines of a button to remove dirt.
3.Jangan placed a heavy burden on the notebook, because the pressure at the top of the notebook can cause permanent scratches on the screen.
Notebook 4.Jangan left in a car parked in the sun. Excessive heat in the car can cause damage to the components of the notebook.
5.Saat using the notebook, avoid put it on a soft surface, such as sofas, beds, or carpets. It could hamper the flow of air at the bottom of the notebook and can cause heat (overheating).
6.Untuk protect the data in the hard disk, do not put the notebook around items that contain magnets or electromagnetic field strength, such as mobile phones or TV. If we want to access the internet using the phone's infrared facilities, place the phone within a distance of about 15 cm from the notebook.


Joan Mady
Adapted from various sources:
Bonus Femina No. 31 / XXXV on 2-8 August 2007
InfoKomputer November 2007

Cheap car from India

The price revolution happening everywhere. The cost of a plane, which was USD 1 million more, now jump up to USD $ 100,000-an. Then the laptop is used to Rp 18 million now could be obtained at a price of Rp 2 million. In the automotive world it is very slow. However, would soon be out of the car with a price range of USD 23 millions.

Cheap car sponsors are Tata, automotive companies from India. Everyone understands that in the automotive world, to reduce production expenses, conserve materials, and simplify the design is a taboo and rarely touched. All of these constraints as introduced diterabas Tata cheap car products, on Thursday last week.
Click to view another photos ...
Rear-engined car, according to analysts, the price is around Rp 28 million. Still the most expensive on earth. However, still not revealed how the Tata cars are produced. Of course, it is a great innovation, what about the low cost assembly, steering wheel mounted, placed headlights, an analog speedometer which is less accurate than the digital use, and a number of ornaments placed.

Whatever its form, the car is a triumph. Not in the sense of discovery, but a new machine that philosophy emerged from the developing world. Industry experts view, that philosophy will change the way cars are made in various places. Like the Japanese who introduced Kaban or timely and sustainable development of kaizen alias, then the procedure to export to the whole world what is called the machine engineering Gandhi or Gandhi.

A spell of the spirit that gave rise to the mental attitude of rejection of all things exaggerated. Daryl Rolley, head of operations for Ariba North America and Asia, as quoted by International Herald Tribune, last week said Wednesday that basically spell will remove all forms of waste in the auto industry. Ariba is a supplier of spare parts for Tata, as well as BMW and Toyota.

In five to 10 years, the entire automobile industry will turn around and reverse direction, Rolley said. Low-cost cars will give a global impact. Tata maneuvers had announced in 2004 that had inspired the two rivals to design their own cheap cars. They are French-Japanese alliance Renault-Nissan and Indian joint venture Maruti Suzuki, Japan.

Indeed, so far not been described whether the car is equipped with standard safety technologies and emissions reductions, thereby driving down the road of Western countries. People such as cars for cheap cars is always kept secret. That is what is on Volkswagen's Beetle and Ford Model T's. Two car manufacturers keep it tightly and refused to detail how to make it. They also make a memorandum of agreement with the legal component suppliers to not reveal his secret.

A number of people who had seen a car made by Tata was able to describe these cheap car. Mini and small shape with four side doors. Inside are seats for four passengers plus the driver. The front while the rear a little short to put a big engine. The car seems designed to reduce wind resistance.

That's a good little car, said A.K. Chaturvedi, vice president for business development Lumax Industries, a supplier in Delhi that developed the headlights and interior lights. When he made the car always starts with a question: whether the components are really needed. For example, four disc brakes. Are enough if you use three. And so on.

Model issued on Thursday last week, as quoted by Tata and its suppliers, look no equipped with radio, power steering, power windows, and air-conditioning, and only a one for the windshield wipers. Tachometer does not exist, and enough with the analog speedometer. People's car makers are clearly doing cutting-gedean gede.

So I can still drive at 65 or 75, is not it? says Ashok Taneja, one of the suppliers for Tata, which does not describe the car equipped with high-precision accelerometers. Savings method turned out to be raising questions about the major implications for safety and durability of the car.

To save U.S. $ 10 only, Tata engineers re-suspension design to reduce driving lights far and near. So far the lights and close, according to Chaturvedi, highly dependent on the heavy burden of filling the car. Design re-done also on the steering bar and order a car. In essence, the car in the long run also be efficient without sacrificing quality of care.

For example, Tata chose a very strong rim so the car can be driven up to 70 miles per hour more. If the urge is too much then it could be eroded and damaged, and reduce the age of the car components, did not threaten the security of driver and passenger cars. When I need silver, why should invest gold, Taneja said to get rid of everything that is not needed.

Significant savings made by Tata is the weight of the car, so just use a cheaper engine. Pricing engine approximately only U.S. $ 700, and made by a German company Bosch. Engine capacity is 600 to 650 cc with a power approximately 30 to 35 horsepower. Powerful enough engine for the price of it.

For any transmission procedure using a new transmission that is cheaper and simpler. To conserve and cut the flow of communication in the purchase of spare parts from suppliers, Tata purchase of components rely on the Internet by 30% to 40%. The question is hard for the Administration on matters of safety and emissions limits.

Problem was, Tata has his own answers. That the country now facing a huge demand for cars, but not insufficiency. India will always menyesuaiakan themselves with the existing regulations in developed countries. What is clear, according to Administration officials, the car will meet all Indian norms.

Problem changing these norms will affect the price of the car, the article India is also changing. According to Anumita Roychowdhury of the Center for Science and Environment in New Delhi, major cities in India in April 2010 will be imposed for the Euro IV emission standards on motor vehicles. Standards also emphasized the safety features of cars.

Obligations such as airbags, anti-lock brakes, and body against the collision tests will also be applied later. All these changes would have been given the consequences of artificially cheap price of Tata's car. And the price will rise a little like the early estimates. For example for the price of low-cost laptops designed U.S. $ 100, proven in the market are sold with the official price of U.S. $ 200.

Any attack on that weakness cheap car, Tata maneuvers are challenging the world to make cars more affordable to the lower middle class. In addition, the need for cars to small cc becomes necessary in the middle of the oil price will continue to soar. Tata has started what is not possible, become possible. Like in the 1980s when Japan comes with a mass of cars that are cheaper and efficient.


G.A. Guritno
Source: [International, No. 10 Outstanding Gatra Thursday, January 17, 2008]

about Kaligesing, Purworejo

Kaligesing is a district in Purworejo regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia. In the district there are goats Peranakan KALIGESING Ettawa KALIGESING race, which is a typical livestock Purworejo. Dance Dolalak also from Kaligesing district. Sub KALIGESING also famous for its fruit which has duriannya distinctive taste. At harvest, many migrants from seeking out KALIGESING durian. Geographically the district KALIGESING direct border with the province of Yogyakarta is in the hills Menoreh.

Multitouch Dell Laptop Studio 17, Support Latest Intel Core i7

Dell has introduced the first laptop with multitouch touch features, the type of Studio 17. Initially Dell only makes multitouch tablet, but the recent Studio 17 laptop comes with Intel Core processor configuration i7 720QM or 820QM. Dell ready to sell laptops multitouch in its website (configure.us.dell.com / dellstore /) with a $ 880 price range.

LED display has a size of 17.3-inch HD, Dell Studio 17 is equipped with a resolution of 1600x900 pixels, and multitouch gesture. Dell Studio 17 laptop can play HD content on the screen smoothly because of the support graphics and ATI Mobility Radeon HD 4570 512MB graphics to offer a horse-powered. This Dell laptop also multitouch support Intel processors starting from Pentium Dual Core i7 up. Bundle with 4GB of RAM DDR3, Dell offers a 500GB hard drive capacity in the laptop.

Dell Studio 17 laptop can also be configured with an external display full HD using HDMI out port or DisplayPort. For connectivity, Dell provides facilities Wi-Fi 802.11 b / g, FireWire, VGA, 1 USB / eSATA, and USB 2 ports. Multitouch laptop comes with the installation of Windows 7 Home Premium (64-bit). Even so, not yet known when the official date of launch of Studio 17 laptop is multitouch.learn more
Produk SMART Telecom

source:Heni BeritaNET.com